regexp2 - full featured regular expressions for Go
Regexp2 is a feature-rich RegExp engine for Go. It doesn't have constant time guarantees like the built-in regexp package, but it allows backtracking and is compatible with Perl5 and .NET. You'll likely be better off with the RE2 engine from the regexp package and should only use this if you need to write very complex patterns or require compatibility with .NET.
Basis of the engine
The engine is ported from the .NET framework's System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex engine. That engine was open sourced in 2015 under the MIT license. There are some fundamental differences between .NET strings and Go strings that required a bit of borrowing from the Go framework regex engine as well. I cleaned up a couple of the dirtier bits during the port (regexcharclass.cs was terrible), but the parse tree, code emmitted, and therefore patterns matched should be identical.
Installing
This is a go-gettable library, so install is easy:
go get github.com/dlclark/regexp2/...
Usage
Usage is similar to the Go regexp package. Just like in regexp, you start by converting a regex into a state machine via the Compile or MustCompile methods. They ultimately do the same thing, but MustCompile will panic if the regex is invalid. You can then use the provided Regexp struct to find matches repeatedly. A Regexp struct is safe to use across goroutines.
re := regexp2.MustCompile(`Your pattern`, 0)
if isMatch, _ := re.MatchString(`Something to match`); isMatch {
//do something
}
The only error that the *Match* methods should return is a Timeout if you set the re.MatchTimeout field. Any other error is a bug in the regexp2 package. If you need more details about capture groups in a match then use the FindStringMatch method, like so:
if m, _ := re.FindStringMatch(`Something to match`); m != nil {
// the whole match is always group 0
fmt.Printf("Group 0: %v\n", m.String())
// you can get all the groups too
gps := m.Groups()
// a group can be captured multiple times, so each cap is separately addressable
fmt.Printf("Group 1, first capture", gps[1].Captures[0].String())
fmt.Printf("Group 1, second capture", gps[1].Captures[1].String())
}
Group 0 is embedded in the Match. Group 0 is an automatically-assigned group that encompasses the whole pattern. This means that m.String() is the same as m.Group.String() and m.Groups()[0].String()
The last capture is embedded in each group, so g.String() will return the same thing as g.Capture.String() and g.Captures[len(g.Captures)-1].String().
If you want to find multiple matches from a single input string you should use the FindNextMatch method. For example, to implement a function similar to regexp.FindAllString:
func regexp2FindAllString(re *regexp2.Regexp, s string) []string {
var matches []string
m, _ := re.FindStringMatch(s)
for m != nil {
matches = append(matches, m.String())
m, _ = re.FindNextMatch(m)
}
return matches
}
FindNextMatch is optmized so that it re-uses the underlying string/rune slice.
The internals of regexp2 always operate on []rune so Index and Length data in a Match always reference a position in runes rather than bytes (even if the input was given as a string). This is a dramatic difference between regexp and regexp2. It's advisable to use the provided String() methods to avoid having to work with indices.
Compare regexp and regexp2
| Category | regexp | regexp2 |
|---|---|---|
| Catastrophic backtracking possible | no, constant execution time guarantees | yes, if your pattern is at risk you can use the re.MatchTimeout field |
Python-style capture groups (?P<name>re) |
yes | no (yes in RE2 compat mode) |
.NET-style capture groups (?<name>re) or (?'name're) |
no | yes |
comments (?#comment) |
no | yes |
branch numbering reset (?|a|b) |
no | no |
possessive match (?>re) |
no | yes |
positive lookahead (?=re) |
no | yes |
negative lookahead (?!re) |
no | yes |
positive lookbehind (?<=re) |
no | yes |
negative lookbehind (?<!re) |
no | yes |
back reference \1 |
no | yes |
named back reference \k'name' |
no | yes |
named ascii character class [[:foo:]] |
yes | no (yes in RE2 compat mode) |
conditionals (?(expr)yes|no) |
no | yes |
RE2 compatibility mode
The default behavior of regexp2 is to match the .NET regexp engine, however the RE2 option is provided to change the parsing to increase compatibility with RE2. Using the RE2 option when compiling a regexp will not take away any features, but will change the following behaviors:
- add support for named ascii character classes (e.g.
[[:foo:]]) - add support for python-style capture groups (e.g.
(P<name>re)) - change singleline behavior for
$to only match end of string (like RE2) (see #24)
re := regexp2.MustCompile(`Your RE2-compatible pattern`, regexp2.RE2)
if isMatch, _ := re.MatchString(`Something to match`); isMatch {
//do something
}
This feature is a work in progress and I'm open to ideas for more things to put here (maybe more relaxed character escaping rules?).
Library features that I'm still working on
- Regex split
Potential bugs
I've run a battery of tests against regexp2 from various sources and found the debug output matches the .NET engine, but .NET and Go handle strings very differently. I've attempted to handle these differences, but most of my testing deals with basic ASCII with a little bit of multi-byte Unicode. There's a chance that there are bugs in the string handling related to character sets with supplementary Unicode chars. Right-to-Left support is coded, but not well tested either.
Find a bug?
I'm open to new issues and pull requests with tests if you find something odd!
