A versatile library for building CLI applications in Go

mow.cli

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Package cli provides a framework to build command line applications in Go with most of the burden of arguments parsing and validation placed on the framework instead of the user.

Getting Started

The following examples demonstrate basic usage the package.

Simple Application

In this simple application, we mimic the argument parsing of the standard UNIX cp command. Our application requires the user to specify one or more source files followed by a destination. An optional recursive flag may be provided.

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"

	"github.com/jawher/mow.cli"
)

func main() {
	// create an app
	app := cli.App("cp", "Copy files around")

	// Here's what differentiates mow.cli from other CLI libraries:
	// This line is not just for help message generation.
	// It also validates the call to reject calls with less than 2 arguments
	// and split the arguments between SRC or DST
	app.Spec = "[-r] SRC... DST"

	var (
		// declare the -r flag as a boolean flag
		recursive = app.BoolOpt("r recursive", false, "Copy files recursively")
		// declare the SRC argument as a multi-string argument
		src = app.StringsArg("SRC", nil, "Source files to copy")
		// declare the DST argument as a single string (string slice) arguments
		dst = app.StringArg("DST", "", "Destination where to copy files to")
	)

	// Specify the action to execute when the app is invoked correctly
	app.Action = func() {
		fmt.Printf("Copying %v to %s [recursively: %v]\n", *src, *dst, *recursive)
	}

	// Invoke the app passing in os.Args
	app.Run(os.Args)
}

Pointers to existing variables

This variant of the cp command uses the Ptr variants, where you can pass pointers to existing variables instead of declaring new ones for the options/arguments:

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"

	cli "github.com/jawher/mow.cli"
)

type Config struct {
	Recursive bool
	Src       []string
	Dst       string
}

func main() {
	var (
		app = cli.App("cp", "Copy files around")
		cfg Config
	)
	// Here's what differentiates mow.cli from other CLI libraries:
	// This line is not just for help message generation.
	// It also validates the call to reject calls with less than 2 arguments
	// and split the arguments between SRC or DST
	app.Spec = "[-r] SRC... DST"

	// declare the -r flag as a boolean flag
	app.BoolOptPtr(&cfg.Recursive, "r recursive", false, "Copy files recursively")
	// declare the SRC argument as a multi-string argument
	app.StringsArgPtr(&cfg.Src, "SRC", nil, "Source files to copy")
	// declare the DST argument as a single string (string slice) arguments
	app.StringArgPtr(&cfg.Dst, "DST", "", "Destination where to copy files to")

	// Specify the action to execute when the app is invoked correctly
	app.Action = func() {
		fmt.Printf("Copying using config: %+v\n", cfg)
	}
	// Invoke the app passing in os.Args
	app.Run(os.Args)
}

Multi-Command Application

In the next example, we create a multi-command application in the same style as familiar commands such as git and docker. We build a fictional utility called uman to manage users in a system. It provides two commands that can be invoked: list and get. The list command takes an optional flag to specify all users including disabled ones. The get command requires one argument, the user ID, and takes an optional flag to specify a detailed listing.

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"

	"github.com/jawher/mow.cli"
)

func main() {
	app := cli.App("uman", "User Manager")

	app.Spec = "[-v]"

	var (
		verbose = app.BoolOpt("v verbose", false, "Verbose debug mode")
	)

	app.Before = func() {
		if *verbose {
			// Here we can enable debug output in our logger for example
			fmt.Println("Verbose mode enabled")
		}
	}

	// Declare our first command, which is invocable with "uman list"
	app.Command("list", "list the users", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
		// These are the command-specific options and args, nicely scoped
		// inside a func so they don't pollute the namespace
		var (
			all = cmd.BoolOpt("all", false, "List all users, including disabled")
		)

		// Run this function when the command is invoked
		cmd.Action = func() {
			// Inside the action, and only inside, we can safely access the
			// values of the options and arguments
			fmt.Printf("user list (including disabled ones: %v)\n", *all)
		}
	})

	// Declare our second command, which is invocable with "uman get"
	app.Command("get", "get a user details", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
		var (
			detailed = cmd.BoolOpt("detailed", false, "Display detailed info")
			id       = cmd.StringArg("ID", "", "The user id to display")
		)

		cmd.Action = func() {
			fmt.Printf("user %q details (detailed mode: %v)\n", *id, *detailed)
		}
	})

	// With the app configured, execute it, passing in the os.Args array
	app.Run(os.Args)
}

A Larger Multi-Command Example

This example shows an alternate way of organizing our code when dealing with a larger number of commands and subcommands. This layout emphasizes the command structure and defers the details of each command to subsequent functions. Like the prior examples, options and arguments are still scoped to their respective functions and don't pollute the global namespace.

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"

	"github.com/jawher/mow.cli"
)

// Global options available to any of the commands
var filename *string

func main() {
	app := cli.App("vault", "Password Keeper")

	// Define our top-level global options
	filename = app.StringOpt("f file", os.Getenv("HOME")+"/.safe", "Path to safe")

	// Define our command structure for usage like this:
	app.Command("list", "list accounts", cmdList)
	app.Command("creds", "display account credentials", cmdCreds)
	app.Command("config", "manage accounts", func(config *cli.Cmd) {
		config.Command("list", "list accounts", cmdList)
		config.Command("add", "add an account", cmdAdd)
		config.Command("remove", "remove an account(s)", cmdRemove)
	})

	app.Run(os.Args)
}

// Sample use: vault list OR vault config list
func cmdList(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
	cmd.Action = func() {
		fmt.Printf("list the contents of the safe here")
	}
}

// Sample use: vault creds reddit.com
func cmdCreds(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
	cmd.Spec = "ACCOUNT"
	account := cmd.StringArg("ACCOUNT", "", "Name of account")
	cmd.Action = func() {
		fmt.Printf("display account info for %s\n", *account)
	}
}

// Sample use: vault config add reddit.com -u username -p password
func cmdAdd(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
	cmd.Spec = "ACCOUNT [ -u=<username> ] [ -p=<password> ]"
	var (
		account  = cmd.StringArg("ACCOUNT", "", "Account name")
		username = cmd.StringOpt("u username", "admin", "Account username")
		password = cmd.StringOpt("p password", "admin", "Account password")
	)
	cmd.Action = func() {
		fmt.Printf("Adding account %s:%s@%s", *username, *password, *account)
	}
}

// Sample use: vault config remove reddit.com twitter.com
func cmdRemove(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
	cmd.Spec = "ACCOUNT..."
	var (
		accounts = cmd.StringsArg("ACCOUNT", nil, "Account names to remove")
	)
	cmd.Action = func() {
		fmt.Printf("Deleting accounts: %v", *accounts)
	}
}

Comparison to Other Tools

There are several tools in the Go ecosystem to facilitate the creation of command line tools. The following is a comparison to the built-in flag package as well as the popular urfave/cli (formerly known as codegangsta/cli):

mow.cli urfave/cli flag
Contextual help
Commands
Option folding -xyz
Option value folding -fValue
Option exclusion --start ❘ --stop
Option dependency [-a -b] or [-a [-b]]
Arguments validation SRC DST
Argument optionality SRC [DST]
Argument repetition SRC... DST
Option/argument dependency SRC [-f DST]
Any combination of the above [-d ❘ --rm] IMAGE [COMMAND [ARG...]]

Unlike the simple packages above, docopt is another library that supports rich set of flag and argument validation. It does, however, fall short for many use cases including:

mow.cli docopt
Contextual help
Backtracking SRC... DST
Backtracking [SRC] DST
Branching (SRC ❘ -f DST)

Installation

To install this package, run the following:

go get github.com/jawher/mow.cli

Package Documentation

Package cli provides a framework to build command line applications in Go with most of the burden of arguments parsing and validation placed on the framework instead of the user.

Basics

To create a new application, initialize an app with cli.App. Specify a name and a brief description for the application:

cp := cli.App("cp", "Copy files around")

To attach code to execute when the app is launched, assign a function to the Action field:

cp.Action = func() {
    fmt.Printf("Hello world\n")
}

To assign a version to the application, use Version method and specify the flags that will be used to invoke the version command:

cp.Version("v version", "cp 1.2.3")

Finally, in the main func, call Run passing in the arguments for parsing:

cp.Run(os.Args)

Options

To add one or more command line options (also known as flags), use one of the short-form StringOpt, StringsOpt, IntOpt, IntsOpt, Float64Opt, Floats64Opt, or BoolOpt methods on App (or Cmd if adding flags to a command or a subcommand). For example, to add a boolean flag to the cp command that specifies recursive mode, use the following:

recursive := cp.BoolOpt("R recursive", false, "recursively copy the src to dst")

or:

cp.BoolOptPtr(&cfg.recursive, "R recursive", false, "recursively copy the src to dst")

The first version returns a new pointer to a bool value which will be populated when the app is run, whereas the second version will populate a pointer to an existing variable you specify.

The option name(s) is a space separated list of names (without the dashes). The one letter names can then be called with a single dash (short option, -R), the others with two dashes (long options, --recursive).

You also specify the default value for the option if it is not supplied by the user.

The last parameter is the description to be shown in help messages.

There is also a second set of methods on App called String, Strings, Int, Ints, and Bool, which accept a long-form struct of the type: cli.StringOpt, cli.StringsOpt, cli.IntOpt, cli.IntsOpt, cli.Float64Opt, cli.Floats64Opt, cli.BoolOpt. The struct describes the option and allows the use of additional features not available in the short-form methods described above:

recursive = cp.Bool(cli.BoolOpt{
    Name:       "R recursive",
    Value:      false,
    Desc:       "copy src files recursively",
    EnvVar:     "VAR_RECURSIVE",
    SetByUser:  &recursiveSetByUser,
})

Or:

recursive = cp.BoolPtr(&recursive, cli.BoolOpt{
    Name:       "R recursive",
    Value:      false,
    Desc:       "copy src files recursively",
    EnvVar:     "VAR_RECURSIVE",
    SetByUser:  &recursiveSetByUser,
})

The first version returns a new pointer to a value which will be populated when the app is run, whereas the second version will populate a pointer to an existing variable you specify.

Two features, EnvVar and SetByUser, can be defined in the long-form struct method. EnvVar is a space separated list of environment variables used to initialize the option if a value is not provided by the user. When help messages are shown, the value of any environment variables will be displayed. SetByUser is a pointer to a boolean variable that is set to true if the user specified the value on the command line. This can be useful to determine if the value of the option was explicitly set by the user or set via the default value.

You can only access the values stored in the pointers in the Action func, which is invoked after argument parsing has been completed. This precludes using the value of one option as the default value of another.

On the command line, the following syntaxes are supported when specifying options.

Boolean options:

-f         single dash one letter name
-f=false   single dash one letter name, equal sign followed by true or false
--force    double dash for longer option names
-it        single dash for multiple one letter names (option folding), this is equivalent to: -i -t

String, int and float options:

-e=value       single dash one letter name, equal sign, followed by the value
-e value       single dash one letter name, space followed by the value
-Ivalue        single dash one letter name, immediately followed by the value
--extra=value  double dash for longer option names, equal sign followed by the value
--extra value  double dash for longer option names, space followed by the value

Slice options (StringsOpt, IntsOpt, Floats64Opt) where option is repeated to accumulate values in a slice:

-e PATH:/bin    -e PATH:/usr/bin     resulting slice contains ["/bin", "/usr/bin"]
-ePATH:/bin     -ePATH:/usr/bin      resulting slice contains ["/bin", "/usr/bin"]
-e=PATH:/bin    -e=PATH:/usr/bin     resulting slice contains ["/bin", "/usr/bin"]
--env PATH:/bin --env PATH:/usr/bin  resulting slice contains ["/bin", "/usr/bin"]
--env=PATH:/bin --env=PATH:/usr/bin  resulting slice contains ["/bin", "/usr/bin"]

Arguments

To add one or more command line arguments (not prefixed by dashes), use one of the short-form StringArg, StringsArg, IntArg, IntsArg, Float64Arg, Floats64Arg, or BoolArg methods on App (or Cmd if adding arguments to a command or subcommand). For example, to add two string arguments to our cp command, use the following calls:

src := cp.StringArg("SRC", "", "the file to copy")
dst := cp.StringArg("DST", "", "the destination")

Or:

cp.StringArgPtr(&src, "SRC", "", "the file to copy")
cp.StringArgPtr(&dst, "DST", "", "the destination")

The first version returns a new pointer to a value which will be populated when the app is run, whereas the second version will populate a pointer to an existing variable you specify.

You then specify the argument as will be displayed in help messages. Argument names must be specified as all uppercase. The next parameter is the default value for the argument if it is not supplied. And the last is the description to be shown in help messages.

There is also a second set of methods on App called String, Strings, Int, Ints, Float64, Floats64 and Bool, which accept a long-form struct of the type: cli.StringArg, cli.StringsArg, cli.IntArg, cli.IntsArg, cli.BoolArg. The struct describes the arguments and allows the use of additional features not available in the short-form methods described above:

src = cp.Strings(StringsArg{
    Name:      "SRC",
    Desc:      "The source files to copy",
    Value:     "default value",
    EnvVar:    "VAR1 VAR2",
    SetByUser: &srcSetByUser,
})

Or:

src = cp.StringsPtr(&src, StringsArg{
    Name:      "SRC",
    Desc:      "The source files to copy",
    Value:     "default value",
    EnvVar:    "VAR1 VAR2",
    SetByUser: &srcSetByUser,
})

The first version returns a new pointer to a value which will be populated when the app is run, whereas the second version will populate a pointer to an existing variable you specify.

Two features, EnvVar and SetByUser, can be defined in the long-form struct method. EnvVar is a space separated list of environment variables used to initialize the argument if a value is not provided by the user. When help messages are shown, the value of any environment variables will be displayed. SetByUser is a pointer to a boolean variable that is set to true if the user specified the value on the command line. This can be useful to determine if the value of the argument was explicitly set by the user or set via the default value.

You can only access the values stored in the pointers in the Action func, which is invoked after argument parsing has been completed. This precludes using the value of one argument as the default value of another.

Operators

The -- operator marks the end of command line options. Everything that follows will be treated as an argument, even if starts with a dash. For example, the standard POSIX touch command, which takes a filename as an argument (and possibly other options that we'll ignore here), could be defined as:

file := cp.StringArg("FILE", "", "the file to create")

If we try to create a file named "-f" via our touch command:

$ touch -f

It will fail because the -f will be parsed as an option, not as an argument. The fix is to insert -- after all flags have been specified, so the remaining arguments are parsed as arguments instead of options as follows:

$ touch -- -f

This ensures the -f is parsed as an argument instead of a flag named f.

Commands

This package supports nesting of commands and subcommands. Declare a top-level command by calling the Command func on the top-level App struct. For example, the following creates an application called docker that will have one command called run:

docker := cli.App("docker", "A self-sufficient runtime for linux containers")

docker.Command("run", "Run a command in a new container", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
    // initialize the run command here
})

The first argument is the name of the command the user will specify on the command line to invoke this command. The second argument is the description of the command shown in help messages. And, the last argument is a CmdInitializer, which is a function that receives a pointer to a Cmd struct representing the command.

Within this function, define the options and arguments for the command by calling the same methods as you would with top-level App struct (BoolOpt, StringArg, ...). To execute code when the command is invoked, assign a function to the Action field of the Cmd struct. Within that function, you can safely refer to the options and arguments as command line parsing will be completed at the time the function is invoked:

docker.Command("run", "Run a command in a new container", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
    var (
        detached = cmd.BoolOpt("d detach", false, "Run container in background")
        memory   = cmd.StringOpt("m memory", "", "Set memory limit")
        image    = cmd.StringArg("IMAGE", "", "The image to run")
    )

    cmd.Action = func() {
        if *detached {
            // do something
        }
        runContainer(*image, *detached, *memory)
    }
})

Optionally, to provide a more extensive description of the command, assign a string to LongDesc, which is displayed when a user invokes --help. A LongDesc can be provided for Cmds as well as the top-level App:

cmd.LongDesc = `Run a command in a new container

With the docker run command, an operator can add to or override the
image defaults set by a developer. And, additionally, operators can
override nearly all the defaults set by the Docker runtime itself.
The operator’s ability to override image and Docker runtime defaults
is why run has more options than any other docker command.`

Subcommands can be added by calling Command on the Cmd struct. They can by defined to any depth if needed:

docker.Command("job", "actions on jobs", func(job *cli.Cmd) {
    job.Command("list", "list jobs", listJobs)
    job.Command("start", "start a new job", startJob)
    job.Command("log", "log commands", func(log *cli.Cmd) {
        log.Command("show", "show logs", showLog)
        log.Command("clear", "clear logs", clearLog)
    })
})

Command and subcommand aliases are also supported. To define one or more aliases, specify a space-separated list of strings to the first argument of Command:

job.Command("start run r", "start a new job", startJob)

With the command structure defined above, users can invoke the app in a variety of ways:

$ docker job list
$ docker job start
$ docker job run   # using the alias we defined
$ docker job r     # using the alias we defined
$ docker job log show
$ docker job log clear

Commands can be hidden in the help messages. This can prove useful to deprecate a command so that it does not appear to new users in the help, but still exists to not break existing scripts. To hide a command, set the Hidden field to true:

app.Command("login", "login to the backend (DEPRECATED: please use auth instead)", func(cmd *cli.Cmd)) {
    cmd.Hidden = true
}

As a convenience, to assign an Action to a func with no arguments, use ActionCommand when defining the Command. For example, the following two statements are equivalent:

app.Command("list", "list all configs", cli.ActionCommand(list))

// Exactly the same as above, just more verbose
app.Command("list", "list all configs", func(cmd *cli.Cmd)) {
    cmd.Action = func() {
        list()
    }
}

Please note that options, arguments, specs, and long descriptions cannot be provided when using ActionCommand. This is intended for very simple command invocations that take no arguments.

Finally, as a side-note, it may seem a bit weird that this package uses a function to initialize a command instead of simply returning a command struct. The motivation behind this API decision is scoping: as with the standard flag package, adding an option or an argument returns a pointer to a value which will be populated when the app is run. Since you'll want to store these pointers in variables, and to avoid having dozens of them in the same scope (the main func for example or as global variables), this API was specifically tailored to take a func parameter (called CmdInitializer), which accepts the command struct. With this design, the command's specific variables are limited in scope to this function.

Interceptors

Interceptors, or hooks, can be defined to be executed before and after a command or when any of its subcommands are executed. For example, the following app defines multiple commands as well as a global flag which toggles verbosity:

app := cli.App("app", "bla bla")
verbose := app.BoolOpt("verbose v", false, "Enable debug logs")

app.Command("command1", "...", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
    if (*verbose) {
        logrus.SetLevel(logrus.DebugLevel)
    }
})

app.Command("command2", "...", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
    if (*verbose) {
        logrus.SetLevel(logrus.DebugLevel)
    }
})

Instead of duplicating the check for the verbose flag and setting the debug level in every command (and its sub-commands), a Before interceptor can be set on the top-level App instead:

app.Before = func() {
    if (*verbose) {
        logrus.SetLevel(logrus.DebugLevel)
    }
}

Whenever a valid command is called by the user, all the Before interceptors defined on the app and the intermediate commands will be called, in order from the root to the leaf.

Similarly, to execute a hook after a command has been called, e.g. to cleanup resources allocated in Before interceptors, simply set the After field of the App struct or any other Command. After interceptors will be called, in order, from the leaf up to the root (the opposite order of the Before interceptors).

The following diagram shows when and in which order multiple Before and After interceptors are executed:

+------------+    success    +------------+   success   +----------------+     success
| app.Before +---------------> cmd.Before +-------------> sub_cmd.Before +---------+
+------------+               +-+----------+             +--+-------------+         |
                               |                           |                     +-v-------+
                 error         |           error           |                     | sub_cmd |
       +-----------------------+   +-----------------------+                     | Action  |
       |                           |                                             +-+-------+
+------v-----+               +-----v------+             +----------------+         |
| app.After  <---------------+ cmd.After  <-------------+  sub_cmd.After <---------+
+------------+    always     +------------+    always   +----------------+      always

Exiting

To exit the application, use cli.Exit function, which accepts an exit code and exits the app with the provided code. It is important to use cli.Exit instead of os.Exit as the former ensures that all of the After interceptors are executed before exiting.

cli.Exit(1)

Spec Strings

An App or Command's invocation syntax can be customized using spec strings. This can be useful to indicate that an argument is optional or that two options are mutually exclusive. The spec string is one of the key differentiators between this package and other CLI packages as it allows the developer to express usage in a simple, familiar, yet concise grammar.

To define option and argument usage for the top-level App, assign a spec string to the App's Spec field:

cp := cli.App("cp", "Copy files around")
cp.Spec = "[-R [-H | -L | -P]]"

Likewise, to define option and argument usage for a command or subcommand, assign a spec string to the Command's Spec field:

docker := cli.App("docker", "A self-sufficient runtime for linux containers")
docker.Command("run", "Run a command in a new container", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
    cmd.Spec = "[-d|--rm] IMAGE [COMMAND [ARG...]]"
    :
    :
}

The spec syntax is mostly based on the conventions used in POSIX command line applications (help messages and man pages). This syntax is described in full below. If a user invokes the app or command with the incorrect syntax, the app terminates with a help message showing the proper invocation. The remainder of this section describes the many features and capabilities of the spec string grammar.

Options can use both short and long option names in spec strings. In the example below, the option is mandatory and must be provided. Any options referenced in a spec string MUST be explicitly declared, otherwise this package will panic. I.e. for each item in the spec string, a corresponding *Opt or *Arg is required:

x.Spec = "-f"  // or x.Spec = "--force"
forceFlag := x.BoolOpt("f force", ...)

Arguments are specified with all-uppercased words. In the example below, both SRC and DST must be provided by the user (two arguments). Like options, any argument referenced in a spec string MUST be explicitly declared, otherwise this package will panic:

x.Spec="SRC DST"
src := x.StringArg("SRC", ...)
dst := x.StringArg("DST", ...)

With the exception of options, the order of the elements in a spec string is respected and enforced when command line arguments are parsed. In the example below, consecutive options (-f and -g) are parsed regardless of the order they are specified (both "-f=5 -g=6" and "-g=6 -f=5" are valid). Order between options and arguments is significant (-f and -g must appear before the SRC argument). The same holds true for arguments, where SRC must appear before DST:

x.Spec = "-f -g SRC -h DST"
var (
    factor = x.IntOpt("f", 1, "Fun factor (1-5)")
    games  = x.IntOpt("g", 1, "# of games")
    health = x.IntOpt("h", 1, "# of hosts")
    src    = x.StringArg("SRC", ...)
    dst    = x.StringArg("DST", ...)
)

Optionality of options and arguments is specified in a spec string by enclosing the item in square brackets []. If the user does not provide an optional value, the app will use the default value specified when the argument was defined. In the example below, if -x is not provided, heapSize will default to 1024:

x.Spec = "[-x]"
heapSize := x.IntOpt("x", 1024, "Heap size in MB")

Choice between two or more items is specified in a spec string by separating each choice with the | operator. Choices are mutually exclusive. In the examples below, only a single choice can be provided by the user otherwise the app will terminate displaying a help message on proper usage:

x.Spec = "--rm | --daemon"
x.Spec = "-H | -L | -P"
x.Spec = "-t | DST"

Repetition of options and arguments is specified in a spec string with the ... postfix operator to mark an item as repeatable. Both options and arguments support repitition. In the example below, users may invoke the command with multiple -e options and multiple SRC arguments:

x.Spec = "-e... SRC..."

// Allows parsing of the following shell command:
//   $ app -eeeee file1 file2
//   $ app -e -e -e -e file1 file2

Grouping of options and arguments is specified in a spec string with parenthesis. When combined with the choice | and repetition ... operators, complex syntaxes can be created. The parenthesis in the example below indicate a repeatable sequence of a -e option followed by an argument, and that is mutually exclusive to a choice between -x and -y options.

x.Spec = "(-e COMMAND)... | (-x|-y)"

// Allows parsing of the following shell command:
//   $ app -e show -e add
//   $ app -y
// But not the following:
//   $ app -e show -x

Option groups, or option folding, are a shorthand method to declaring a choice between multiple options. I.e. any combination of the listed options in any order with at least one option selected. The following two statements are equivalent:

x.Spec = "-abcd"
x.Spec = "(-a | -b | -c | -d)..."

Option groups are typically used in conjunction with optionality [] operators. I.e. any combination of the listed options in any order or none at all. The following two statements are equivalent:

x.Spec = "[-abcd]"
x.Spec = "[-a | -b | -c | -d]..."

All of the options can be specified using a special syntax: [OPTIONS]. This is a special token in the spec string (not optionality and not an argument called OPTIONS). It is equivalent to an optional repeatable choice between all the available options. For example, if an app or a command declares 4 options a, b, c and d, then the following two statements are equivalent:

x.Spec = "[OPTIONS]"
x.Spec = "[-a | -b | -c | -d]..."

Inline option values are specified in the spec string with the = notation immediately following an option (long or short form) to provide users with an inline description or value. The actual inline values are ignored by the spec parser as they exist only to provide a contextual hint to the user. In the example below, "absolute-path" and "in seconds" are ignored by the parser:

x.Spec = "[ -a=<absolute-path> | --timeout=<in seconds> ] ARG"

The -- operator can be used to automatically treat everything following it as arguments. In other words, placing a -- in the spec string automatically inserts a -- in the same position in the program call arguments. This lets you write programs such as the POSIX time utility for example:

x.Spec = "-lp [-- CMD [ARG...]]"

// Allows parsing of the following shell command:
//   $ app -p ps -aux

Spec Grammar

Below is the full EBNF grammar for the Specs language:

spec         -> sequence
sequence     -> choice*
req_sequence -> choice+
choice       -> atom ('|' atom)*
atom         -> (shortOpt | longOpt | optSeq | allOpts | group | optional) rep?
shortOp      -> '-' [A-Za-z]
longOpt      -> '--' [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*
optSeq       -> '-' [A-Za-z]+
allOpts      -> '[OPTIONS]'
group        -> '(' req_sequence ')'
optional     -> '[' req_sequence ']'
rep          -> '...'

By combining a few of these building blocks together (while respecting the grammar above), powerful and sophisticated validation constraints can be created in a simple and concise manner without having to define in code. This is one of the key differentiators between this package and other CLI packages. Validation of usage is handled entirely by the package through the spec string.

Behind the scenes, this package parses the spec string and constructs a finite state machine used to parse the command line arguments. It also handles backtracking, which allows it to handle tricky cases, or what I like to call "the cp test":

cp SRC... DST

Without backtracking, this deceptively simple spec string cannot be parsed correctly. For instance, docopt can't handle this case, whereas this package does.

Default Spec

By default an auto-generated spec string is created for the app and every command unless a spec string has been set by the user. This can simplify use of the package even further for simple syntaxes.

The following logic is used to create an auto-generated spec string: 1) start with an empty spec string, 2) if at least one option was declared, append "[OPTIONS]" to the spec string, and 3) for each declared argument, append it, in the order of declaration, to the spec string. For example, given this command declaration:

docker.Command("run", "Run a command in a new container", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
    var (
        detached = cmd.BoolOpt("d detach", false, "Run container in background")
        memory   = cmd.StringOpt("m memory", "", "Set memory limit")
        image    = cmd.StringArg("IMAGE", "", "The image to run")
        args     = cmd.StringsArg("ARG", nil, "Arguments")
    )
})

The auto-generated spec string, which should suffice for simple cases, would be:

[OPTIONS] IMAGE ARG

If additional constraints are required, the spec string must be set explicitly using the grammar documented above.

Custom Types

By default, the following types are supported for options and arguments: bool, string, int, float64, strings (slice of strings), ints (slice of ints) and floats64 (slice of float64). You can, however, extend this package to handle other types, e.g. time.Duration, float64, or even your own struct types.

To define your own custom type, you must implement the flag.Value interface for your custom type, and then declare the option or argument using VarOpt or VarArg respectively if using the short-form methods. If using the long-form struct, then use Var instead.

The following example defines a custom type for a duration. It defines a duration argument that users will be able to invoke with strings in the form of "1h31m42s":

// Declare your type
type Duration time.Duration

// Make it implement flag.Value
func (d *Duration) Set(v string) error {
    parsed, err := time.ParseDuration(v)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    *d = Duration(parsed)
    return nil
}

func (d *Duration) String() string {
    duration := time.Duration(*d)
    return duration.String()
}

func main() {
    duration := Duration(0)
    app := App("var", "")
    app.VarArg("DURATION", &duration, "")
    app.Run([]string{"cp", "1h31m42s"})
}

To make a custom type to behave as a boolean option, i.e. doesn't take a value, it must implement the IsBoolFlag method that returns true:

type BoolLike int

func (d *BoolLike) IsBoolFlag() bool {
    return true
}

To make a custom type behave as a multi-valued option or argument, i.e. takes multiple values, it must implement the Clear method, which is called whenever the values list needs to be cleared, e.g. when the value was initially populated from an environment variable, and then explicitly set from the CLI:

type Durations []time.Duration

// Make it implement flag.Value
func (d *Durations) Set(v string) error {
    parsed, err := time.ParseDuration(v)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    *d = append(*d, Duration(parsed))
    return nil
}

func (d *Durations) String() string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *d)
}

// Make it multi-valued
func (d *Durations) Clear() {
    *d = []Duration{}
}

To hide the default value of a custom type, it must implement the IsDefault method that returns a boolean. The help message generator will use the return value to decide whether or not to display the default value to users:

type Action string

func (a *Action) IsDefault() bool {
    return (*a) == "nop"
}

License

This work is published under the MIT license.

Please see the LICENSE file for details.


Automatically generated by autoreadme on 2020.08.08

Owner
Comments
  • Support for app Version

    Support for app Version

    I like how Cli is really just another Cmd, it keeps things simple :-) This did pose a little bit of dilemma as where to add the extra versioning info needed for this new functionality. I gave some thought to adding the version to the Cmd struct but ended up adding it to Cli as I found that versioning was Cli specific and didn't have meaning at the Cmd level, except for the one Cmd that happens to be the Cli.

    In order to implement that somewhat elegantly, I ended up decorating Cmd.parse for the Cli struct, adding the code to handle the version and then just calling Cmd.parse.

    Related to testing, I'm not sure I'm entirely following how forkTest actually tests anything given that it discards stdOut and stdErr. I ended up duplicating what already existed, but I'm not sure whether that is actually useful. I'm fairly new to Go programming, so let me know if it's just me missing something.

  • How to enable profiling via flag

    How to enable profiling via flag

    Hi, how would I integrate profiling into my your app?

    https://github.com/pkg/profile

    I have to call something right when the app starts and right when it exits (or use defer as in the example). But I only want it enabled when I pass a flag via the command line.

    Would I have to use a global flag and copy/paste the same code in each command?

    Thanks!

  • Allow required options to be satisfied by env var

    Allow required options to be satisfied by env var

    If an option is required, but omitted from the argument list, allow it to fallback to a configured environment variable instead.

    Continue to disallow falling back to a default value - ie. the end user must either supply the option on the command line, or set the environment variable.

    --

    This is a rebase of #34 and adds a unit test... probably a better or more comprehensive way to write that test; let me know if so.

  • Poor performance with multiple nested options

    Poor performance with multiple nested options

    In the application below, running ward add --help or any other variation of add is very slow (>30s). I'm guessing it's because of the complicated spec with multiple nested options. I haven't done any profiling yet, so I can't tell you where it's spending time.

    For context, this is for a command-line password manager. Specifically, the add command lets you add a new credential (e.g. ward add --login "[email protected]"), but it also has a built-in password generator with its own sub-options, so ward add --login "[email protected]" --gen --length 15 --no-symbol is valid as well.

    I'm running on Windows 10 64-bit with Go 1.5.1.

    // ward.go
    package main
    
    import (
      "github.com/jawher/mow.cli"
      "fmt"
      "os"
    )
    
    func run(args []string) {
      ward := cli.App("ward", "Secure password manager - https://github.com/schmich/ward")
    
      ward.Command("add", "Add a new credential.", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
        cmd.Spec = "[--login] [--realm] [--note] [--no-copy] [--gen [--length] [--min-length] [--max-length] [--no-upper] [--no-lower] [--no-digit] [--no-symbol] [--no-similar] [--min-upper] [--max-upper] [--min-lower] [--max-lower] [--min-digit] [--max-digit] [--min-symbol] [--max-symbol] [--exclude]]"
    
        _ = cmd.StringOpt("login", "", "Login for credential, e.g. username or email.")
        _ = cmd.StringOpt("realm", "", "Realm for credential, e.g. website or WiFi AP name.")
        _ = cmd.StringOpt("note", "", "Note for credential.")
        _ = cmd.BoolOpt("no-copy", false, "Do not copy generated password to the clipboard.")
        _ = cmd.BoolOpt("gen", false, "Generate a password.")
        _ = cmd.IntOpt("length", 0, "Password length.")
        _ = cmd.IntOpt("min-length", 30, "Minimum length password.")
        _ = cmd.IntOpt("max-length", 40, "Maximum length password.")
        _ = cmd.BoolOpt("no-upper", false, "Exclude uppercase characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.BoolOpt("no-lower", false, "Exclude lowercase characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.BoolOpt("no-digit", false, "Exclude digit characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.BoolOpt("no-symbol", false, "Exclude symbol characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.BoolOpt("no-similar", false, "Exclude similar characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.IntOpt("min-upper", 0, "Minimum number of uppercase characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.IntOpt("max-upper", -1, "Maximum number of uppercase characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.IntOpt("min-lower", 0, "Minimum number of lowercase characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.IntOpt("max-lower", -1, "Maximum number of lowercase characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.IntOpt("min-digit", 0, "Minimum number of digit characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.IntOpt("max-digit", -1, "Maximum number of digit characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.IntOpt("min-symbol", 0, "Minimum number of symbol characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.IntOpt("max-symbol", -1, "Maximum number of symbol characters in password.")
        _ = cmd.StringOpt("exclude", "", "Exclude specific characters from password.")
      })
    
      fmt.Println("Run.")
      ward.Run(args)
    }
    
    func main() {
      fmt.Println("Begin.")
      run(os.Args)
      fmt.Println("Fin.")
    }
    
  • Question: Is it possible to signify nothing is parsed after argument?

    Question: Is it possible to signify nothing is parsed after argument?

    I'm writing a command line utility that is designed to wrap the execution of other commands (it will have arguments of it's own). It will be common that a user would want to do something like this: mycmd their_command -c -F. I know this is currently possible using -- to say mycmd -- bash -c 'some code'.

    The problem I expect to happen will be that if the user wraps a command without arguments it will work fine (e.g. mycmd echo foo) but the behavior would be different when using a command with a flag (e.g. mycmd bash -c 'echo foo').

    Would it be possible to have an argument that nothing is parsed after this or to require "--" be used? I'm guessing I could precheck os.Args to ensure "--" exists before moving on to further parsing.

  • Undeclared arg panic when using dynamic arg names

    Undeclared arg panic when using dynamic arg names

    I'm building a moderately complicated app for which there are a bunch of argument groups which we want to reuse in various subcommands. We ended up with an idiom in which for each argument group, we write two functions: one to get its spec string, and one to get the actual value. It's easier to demonstrate than to explain:

    func getDurationSpec() string {
    	return "DURATION"
    }
    
    func getDurationClosure(cmd *cli.Cmd) func() math.Duration {
    	duration := cmd.StringOpt("DURATION", "", "duration")
    
    	return func() math.Duration {
    		...
    	}
    }
    

    A particular subcommand just needs to link together the appropriate arguments, like this:

    app.Command("transfer", "transfer from one address to another", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
    	cmd.Spec = fmt.Sprintf(
    		"%s %s",
    		getAddressSpec("FROM"),
    		getAddressSpec("TO"),
    	)
    
    	getFrom := getAddressClosure(cmd, "FROM")
    	getTo := getAddressClosure(cmd, "TO")
    
    	cmd.Action = func() {
    		from := getFrom()
    		to := getTo()
    
                ...
    

    However, there are occasional panics which I believe to be a bug in this library. getAddress* is vulnerable:

    func nameFor(id string) string {
    	if id == "" {
    		return "NAME"
    	}
    	return fmt.Sprintf("%s_NAME", id)
    }
    
    func argFor(id string) string {
    	if id == "" {
    		return "a address"
    	}
    	return strings.ToLower(fmt.Sprintf("%s_address", id))
    }
    
    func getAddressSpec(id string) string {
    	if id == "" {
    		return "(NAME | -a=<ADDRESS>)"
    	}
    	return fmt.Sprintf(
    		"(%s | --%s=<%s>)",
    		nameFor(id), argFor(id), strings.ToUpper(argFor(id)),
    	)
    }
    
    func getAddressClosure(cmd *cli.Cmd, id string) func() address.Address {
    	fmt.Printf("declaring arg for %s\n", nameFor(id))
    	name := cmd.StringArg(nameFor(id), "", fmt.Sprintf("Name of %s account", id))
    	fmt.Printf("declaring opt for %s\n", argFor(id))
    	addr := cmd.StringOpt(argFor(id), "", fmt.Sprintf("%s Address", id))
    
    	return func() address.Address {
            ...
    

    generates the following output when id is blank:

    Tue Jun 26 17:07:20 CEST 2018
    declaring arg for NAME
    declaring opt for a address
    panic: Parse error at position 1:
    (NAME | -a=<ADDRESS>) DURATION
     ^ Undeclared arg NAME
    
    goroutine 1 [running]:
    <SNIP>
    

    I'm not sure what's actually causing this panic, because I have duly registered the NAME arg, as shown by the debug printlns. I'm implementing a workaround now, but it would be nice if the library were capable of handling this without error.

  • Refactor the codebase into multiple sub-packages

    Refactor the codebase into multiple sub-packages

    • container: a dummy struct representing an option or an arg defintion
    • flow: contains the execution flow logic (after, before, action)
    • fsm: contains the Finite State Machine used to parse arguments according to a spec
    • lexer: tokenizes a spec string
    • parser: generates an FSM from a token stream
    • matcher: contains the various matchers (used as transitions in the FSM) (option, argument, ...)
    • values: contains the default flag.Value implementations supported by mow.cli
  • Fix infinite loop case for envvar backed opts

    Fix infinite loop case for envvar backed opts

    I think my original approach to implement required options fulfilled by environment variables took a wrong approach, as it can cause optsmatcher to be throw into an infinite loop:

    func main() {
            app := cli.App("app", "app")
    
            arg := app.StringArg("ARG", "", "")
    
            opt := app.String(cli.StringOpt{
                    Name:   "opt",
                    EnvVar: "OPT",
            })
    
            app.Action = func() {
                    fmt.Println("arg", *arg)
                    fmt.Println("opt", *opt)
            }
    
            app.Run(os.Args)
    }
    

    The above will never exit if you run it as OPT=something go run test.go myarg

    In practice, optsmatcher should not fall back an environment variable as a requirement for an option during a transition; doing so may cause optsmatcher.match to never exit as the generated optmatcher will always return true, even when it doesn't consume any arguments.

    Instead I created a new optOrEnvMatcher for use in cases where falling back to an environment variable satisfies the requirement condition.

  • feature: support long descriptions for subcommands

    feature: support long descriptions for subcommands

    I have a subcommand where several of the options take a string, which are interpreted the same way for all of these options. Instead of giving details of possible string values for each options, I'd like to add this to the description of the subcommand.

    Currently I can use a multi-line string for the description of the subcommand, and this works well if I do cmd subcmd --help. However, if I just do cmd or cmd --help it shows the full description for that subcommand (instead of just a one-line summary) making the output quite hard to read.

    It would be nice if there was a way to specify the "long" and "short" description for the subcommand. The short (one-line) description would only be shown when that subcommand is listed with other subcommands. The long description would be shown when help is given only for that subcommand.

  • Required environment variable

    Required environment variable

    The spec doesn't seem to provide for an option to be required either by supplying an environment variable and/or supplying a command line option.

    eg.

    package main                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
    
    import (                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
        "fmt"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
        "os"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
    
        "github.com/jawher/mow.cli"                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
    )                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
    
    func main() {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
        app := cli.App("test", "test")                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
    
        app.Command("cmd", "command", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {                                                                                                                                                                                                       
            param := cmd.String(cli.StringOpt{                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
                Name:   "param",                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                EnvVar: "PARAM",                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
            })                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
            cmd.Spec = "--param"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
            cmd.Action = func() {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                fmt.Println("param", *param)                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
            }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
        })                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
    
        app.Run(os.Args)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
    }                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
    

    i'd like this program to succeed if the program is run as either myapp --param foobar or PARAM=foobar myapp but print the usage info otherwise if both are omitted.

    I guess I can make the argument optional in the Spec and then check it from within the action, but it seems like a common enough use case that mow.cli would have a better way of specifying it.

  • Support for printing the version of the application

    Support for printing the version of the application

    This is a feature request for providing some syntactic sugar to easily print the version of a cli application. A --version option is a widely used by commandline programes.

    Currently, I use the following workaround:

    cp := cli.App("mycli", "My cli description")
    cp.Command("version", "Prints the version", func(cmd *cli.Cmd) {
        cmd.Action = func() {
            fmt.Println("mycli, version", "0.1.0")
        }
    })
    

    It would however be nice to just be able to do:

    // notice the extra "0.1.0" parameter for cli.App
    cp := cli.App("mycli", "My cli description", "0.1.0")
    

    This version string would then be printed automatically when users invoke: mycli version or the option variants such as as mycli --version, mycli -v.

    Ideally these commands are automatically disabled for cli apps that don't specify a version.

    You could conceivable also print the version number as part of the help output, but as far as I'm concerned that'd be a choice for the implementer.

  • Support rerouting output and exit code handlers.

    Support rerouting output and exit code handlers.

    Adds support for setting output writers and the exit code handler at the scope of the application.

    While a CLI application most commonly does want to call os.Exit to handle exit codes, and print errors or usage information to the stderr file descriptor... it's also useful to be able to control these. In this PR, that ability is introduced.

    The main motivation for this (at least for me!) is for testing. By allowing these to be user-controlled, it becomes possible for users to write tests of their CLI behavior. (This is a big win, in my book! IMO, it's very important to be able to write end-to-end tests of CLIs, because UX bugs in the last mile are otherwise very easy to accumulate. To try to do this without the ability to control exit behavior and where messages are written, the next nearest fallback option is to invoke the whole program as a subprocess... but this is a fairly awful fallback, and carries considerable complexity burdens; invoking go-install in the middle of go-test... well, let's say it "does not spark joy".)

    Previously, within this library, the needs for the library's own self-testing were satisfied by using package-scope variables, which aside from being global, were also unexported. This is no longer necessary. The internal tests now use the same mechanisms that will be available to users. (As a bonus, the tests could now be parallelized without issue, though I haven't taken that step in this commit.)

    I've tried to implement this change in a minimally invasive way, and I think it's pretty safe. Tests all still pass :) There are a couple requests for review embedded in the comments in the diff (mostly for stylistic things).

    I'm not sure if there were open issues for all of this, but at least https://github.com/jawher/mow.cli/issues/112 is addressed by this.

  • Spec is not inferred correctly for multi-value argument

    Spec is not inferred correctly for multi-value argument

    Let's say I have a command with a multi-value argument of the following sort:

    cmdArgs.StringsArgPtr(
    	&cmd.args.srcs,
    	"SOURCE_PATHS",
    	nil,
    	"Directories or files to load",
    )
    

    The automatically inferred spec for it will (incorrectly) be "something something SOURCE_PATHS". This will incorrectly reject multiple "source path" arguments with an "incorrect usage" error (only a single argument will be allowed).

    The correct, working spec can be specified explicitly to fix the issue: "something something SOURCE_PATHS...".

    However, it seems that multi-value argument constructor can be made a little smarter to add ellipsis to spec automatically.

  • BoolsOpt() for repeated flags (Boolean options)?

    BoolsOpt() for repeated flags (Boolean options)?

    Am I mistaken or is there no way to have repeated Boolean options (flags), such as -vvv (say, for increasing a verbosity level)? With pflag, this is possible.

    Intuitively, there should be a cmd.BoolsOpt() method enabling this (either operating on an int value or a []bool slice).

    Opinions?

  • Extension: Quick start template

    Extension: Quick start template

    Hey out there on mow.cli - thanks for sharing that component.

    Here is a fast starting template - maybe usefull if someone just want to see mow.cli in action.

    Cheers Tom


    Quick start


    Clone the repository and install necessary go tools:

    # just clone from GitHub
    git clone -b master-local --depth=1 https://github.com/TomFreudenberg/golang-cli-cmd-dev-starter.git my-project
    
    # drop connection to GitHub template while want to create your own stuff
    rm -rf my-project/.git
    
    # enter project directory
    cd my-project
    
    # update versions and go.sum
    make go-mod
    
    # install necessary gol tools
    make go-tools
    

    Just run the first command:

    make run CMD=hello
    

    Or build and run the first command:

    make cmd CMD=hello
    ./bin/hello --help
    
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