Xmux
Xmux is a lightweight high performance HTTP request muxer on top xhandler. Xmux gets its speed from the fork of the amazing httprouter. Route parameters are stored in context instead of being passed as an additional parameter.
In contrast to the default mux of Go's net/http package, this muxer supports variables in the routing pattern and matches against the request method. It also scales better.
The muxer is optimized for high performance and a small memory footprint. It scales well even with very long paths and a large number of routes. A compressing dynamic trie (radix tree) structure is used for efficient matching.
Features
Only explicit matches: With other muxers, like http.ServeMux, a requested URL path could match multiple patterns. Therefore they have some awkward pattern priority rules, like longest match or first registered, first matched. By design of this router, a request can only match exactly one or no route. As a result, there are also no unintended matches, which makes it great for SEO and improves the user experience.
Stop caring about trailing slashes: Choose the URL style you like, the muxer automatically redirects the client if a trailing slash is missing or if there is one extra. Of course it only does so, if the new path has a handler. If you don't like it, you can turn off this behavior.
Path auto-correction: Besides detecting the missing or additional trailing slash at no extra cost, the muxer can also fix wrong cases and remove superfluous path elements (like ../ or //). Is CAPTAIN CAPS LOCK one of your users? Xmux can help him by making a case-insensitive look-up and redirecting him to the correct URL.
Parameters in your routing pattern: Stop parsing the requested URL path, just give the path segment a name and the router delivers the dynamic value to you. Because of the design of the router, path parameters are very cheap.
RouteGroups: A way to create groups of routes without incurring any per-request overhead.
Zero Garbage: The matching and dispatching process generates zero bytes of garbage. In fact, the only heap allocations that are made, is by building the slice of the key-value pairs for path parameters and the context instance to store them in the context. If the request path contains no parameters, not a single heap allocation is necessary.
No more server crashes: You can set a Panic handler to deal with panics occurring during handling a HTTP request. The router then recovers and lets the PanicHandler log what happened and deliver a nice error page.
Of course you can also set custom NotFound and MethodNotAllowed handlers.
Usage
This is just a quick introduction, view the GoDoc for details.
Let's start with a trivial example:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
"context"
"github.com/rs/xhandler"
"github.com/rs/xmux"
)
func Index(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprint(w, "Welcome!\n")
}
func Hello(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello, %s!\n", xmux.Param(ctx, "name"))
}
func main() {
mux := xmux.New()
mux.GET("/", xhandler.HandlerFuncC(Index))
mux.GET("/hello/:name", xhandler.HandlerFuncC(Hello))
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", xhandler.New(context.Background(), mux)))
}
You may also chain middleware using xhandler.Chain:
package main
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
"time"
"github.com/rs/xhandler"
"github.com/rs/xmux"
)
func main() {
c := xhandler.Chain{}
// Append a context-aware middleware handler
c.UseC(xhandler.CloseHandler)
// Another context-aware middleware handler
c.UseC(xhandler.TimeoutHandler(2 * time.Second))
mux := xmux.New()
// Use c.Handler to terminate the chain with your final handler
mux.GET("/welcome/:name", xhandler.HandlerFuncC(func(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Welcome %s!", xmux.Param(ctx, "name"))
}))
if err := http.ListenAndServe(":8080", c.Handler(mux)); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
Named parameters
As you can see, :name is a named parameter. The values are accessible via xmux.Params(ctx), which returns xmux.ParamHolder. You can get the value of a parameter by its name using Get(name) method:
user := xmux.Params(ctx).Get("user")
or using xmux.Param(ctx, name) shortcut:
user := xmux.Param(ctx, "user")
Named parameters only match a single path segment:
Pattern: /user/:user
/user/gordon match
/user/you match
/user/gordon/profile no match
/user/ no match
Note: Since this muxer has only explicit matches, you can not register static routes and parameters for the same path segment. For example you can not register the patterns /user/new and /user/:user for the same request method at the same time. The routing of different request methods is independent from each other.
Catch-All parameters
The second type are catch-all parameters and have the form *name. Like the name suggests, they match everything. Therefore they must always be at the end of the pattern:
Pattern: /src/*filepath
/src/ match
/src/somefile.go match
/src/subdir/somefile.go match
Benchmarks
Thanks to Julien Schmidt excellent HTTP routing benchmark, we can see that xhandler's muxer is pretty close to httprouter as it is a fork of it. The small overhead is due to the context allocation used to store route parameters. It still outperform other routers, thanks to amazing httprouter's radix tree based matcher.
BenchmarkXhandler_APIStatic-8 50000000 39.6 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_APIStatic-8 3000000 439 ns/op 144 B/op 5 allocs/op
BenchmarkGoji_APIStatic-8 5000000 272 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkHTTPRouter_APIStatic-8 50000000 37.3 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkXhandler_APIParam-8 5000000 328 ns/op 160 B/op 4 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_APIParam-8 2000000 675 ns/op 432 B/op 6 allocs/op
BenchmarkGoji_APIParam-8 2000000 692 ns/op 336 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkHTTPRouter_APIParam-8 10000000 166 ns/op 64 B/op 1 allocs/op
BenchmarkXhandler_API2Params-8 5000000 362 ns/op 160 B/op 4 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_API2Params-8 2000000 814 ns/op 432 B/op 6 allocs/op
BenchmarkGoji_API2Params-8 2000000 680 ns/op 336 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkHTTPRouter_API2Params-8 10000000 183 ns/op 64 B/op 1 allocs/op
BenchmarkXhandler_APIAll-8 200000 6473 ns/op 2176 B/op 64 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_APIAll-8 100000 17261 ns/op 8352 B/op 146 allocs/op
BenchmarkGoji_APIAll-8 100000 15052 ns/op 5377 B/op 32 allocs/op
BenchmarkHTTPRouter_APIAll-8 500000 3716 ns/op 640 B/op 16 allocs/op
BenchmarkXhandler_Param1-8 5000000 271 ns/op 128 B/op 4 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_Param1-8 2000000 620 ns/op 432 B/op 6 allocs/op
BenchmarkGoji_Param1-8 3000000 522 ns/op 336 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkHTTPRouter_Param1-8 20000000 112 ns/op 32 B/op 1 allocs/op
BenchmarkXhandler_Param5-8 3000000 414 ns/op 256 B/op 4 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_Param5-8 1000000 1204 ns/op 432 B/op 6 allocs/op
BenchmarkGoji_Param5-8 2000000 847 ns/op 336 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkHTTPRouter_Param5-8 5000000 247 ns/op 160 B/op 1 allocs/op
BenchmarkXhandler_Param20-8 2000000 747 ns/op 736 B/op 4 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_Param20-8 2000000 746 ns/op 736 B/op 4 allocs/op
BenchmarkGoji_Param20-8 500000 2439 ns/op 1247 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkHTTPRouter_Param20-8 3000000 585 ns/op 640 B/op 1 allocs/op
BenchmarkXhandler_ParamWrite-8 5000000 404 ns/op 144 B/op 5 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_ParamWrite-8 3000000 407 ns/op 144 B/op 5 allocs/op
BenchmarkGoji_ParamWrite-8 2000000 594 ns/op 336 B/op 2 allocs/op
BenchmarkHTTPRouter_ParamWrite-8 10000000 166 ns/op 32 B/op 1 allocs/op
You can run this benchmark by executing the following commands at the root of xmux repository:
go get -t ./bench/routers
go test ./bench/routers -bench .
How does it work?
The muxer relies on a tree structure which makes heavy use of common prefixes, it is basically a compact prefix tree (or just Radix tree). Nodes with a common prefix also share a common parent. Here is a short example what the routing tree for the GET request method could look like:
Priority Path Handle
9 \ *<1>
3 ├s nil
2 |├earch\ *<2>
1 |└upport\ *<3>
2 ├blog\ *<4>
1 | └:post nil
1 | └\ *<5>
2 ├about-us\ *<6>
1 | └team\ *<7>
1 └contact\ *<8>
Every *<num> represents the memory address of a handler function (a pointer). If you follow a path trough the tree from the root to the leaf, you get the complete route path, e.g \blog\:post\, where :post is just a placeholder (parameter) for an actual post name. Unlike hash-maps, a tree structure also allows us to use dynamic parts like the :post parameter, since we actually match against the routing patterns instead of just comparing hashes. As benchmarks show, this works very well and efficient.
Since URL paths have a hierarchical structure and make use only of a limited set of characters (byte values), it is very likely that there are a lot of common prefixes. This allows us to easily reduce the routing into ever smaller problems. Moreover the router manages a separate tree for every request method. For one thing it is more space efficient than holding a method->handle map in every single node, for another thing is also allows us to greatly reduce the routing problem before even starting the look-up in the prefix-tree.
For even better scalability, the child nodes on each tree level are ordered by priority, where the priority is just the number of handles registered in sub nodes (children, grandchildren, and so on..). This helps in two ways:
- Nodes which are part of the most routing paths are evaluated first. This helps to make as much routes as possible to be reachable as fast as possible.
- It is some sort of cost compensation. The longest reachable path (highest cost) can always be evaluated first. The following scheme visualizes the tree structure. Nodes are evaluated from top to bottom and from left to right.
├------------
├---------
├-----
├----
├--
├--
└-
Why doesn't this work with http.Handler?
It does! The router itself implements the http.Handler interface. Moreover the router provides convenient adapters for http.Handlers and http.HandlerFuncs which allows them to be used as a xhandler.HandlerC when registering a route. The only disadvantage is, that no context and thus no parameter values can be retrieved when a http.Handler or http.HandlerFunc is used.
Where can I find Middleware X?
This package just provides a very efficient request muxer with a few extra features. The muxer is just a xhandler.HandlerC, you can chain any http.Handler or xhandler.HandlerC compatible middleware before the router, for example the Gorilla handlers. Or you could just write your own, it's very easy!
Multi-domain / Sub-domains
Here is a quick example: Does your server serve multiple domains / hosts? You want to use sub-domains? Define a router per host!
// We need an object that implements the xhandler.HandlerC interface.
// Therefore we need a type for which we implement the ServeHTTP method.
// We just use a map here, in which we map host names (with port) to xhandler.HandlerC
type HostSwitch map[string]xhandler.HandlerC
// Implement the ServerHTTP method on our new type
func (hs HostSwitch) ServeHTTPC(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
// Check if a xhandler.HandlerC is registered for the given host.
// If yes, use it to handle the request.
if handler := hs[r.Host]; handler != nil {
handler.ServeHTTPC(ctx, w, r)
} else {
// Handle host names for wich no handler is registered
http.Error(w, "Forbidden", 403) // Or Redirect?
}
}
func main() {
c := xhandler.Chain{}
// Initialize a muxer as usual
mux := xmux.New()
mux.GET("/", Index)
mux.GET("/hello/:name", Hello)
// Make a new HostSwitch and insert the muxer (our http handler)
// for example.com and port 12345
hs := make(HostSwitch)
hs["example.com:12345"] = mux
// Use the HostSwitch to listen and serve on port 12345
if err := http.ListenAndServe(":12345", c.Handler(hs)); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
Basic Authentication
Another quick example: Basic Authentication (RFC 2617) for handles:
package main
import (
"bytes"
"context"
"encoding/base64"
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
"strings"
"github.com/rs/xhandler"
"github.com/rs/xmux"
)
func BasicAuth(user, pass []byte, next xhandler.HandlerC) xhandler.HandlerC {
return xhandler.HandlerFuncC(func(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
const basicAuthPrefix string = "Basic "
// Get the Basic Authentication credentials
auth := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
if strings.HasPrefix(auth, basicAuthPrefix) {
// Check credentials
payload, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(auth[len(basicAuthPrefix):])
if err == nil {
pair := bytes.SplitN(payload, []byte(":"), 2)
if len(pair) == 2 &&
bytes.Equal(pair[0], user) &&
bytes.Equal(pair[1], pass) {
// Delegate request to the next handler
next.ServeHTTPC(ctx, w, r)
return
}
}
}
// Request Basic Authentication otherwise
w.Header().Set("WWW-Authenticate", "Basic realm=Restricted")
http.Error(w, http.StatusText(http.StatusUnauthorized), http.StatusUnauthorized)
})
}
func Index(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprint(w, "Not protected!\n")
}
func Protected(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprint(w, "Protected!\n")
}
func main() {
user := []byte("gordon")
pass := []byte("secret!")
c := xhandler.Chain{}
mux := xmux.New()
mux.GET("/", xhandler.HandlerFuncC(Index))
mux.GET("/protected/", BasicAuth(user, pass, xhandler.HandlerFuncC(Protected)))
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", c.Handler(mux)))
}
Licenses
All source code is licensed under the BSD License.
Xmux is forked from httprouter with BSD License.
